Chapter 1. Introduction to Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Gershon Tenenbaum, Robert Eklund, and Akihito Kamata
Concepts, Items, and Responses
Steps in Designing Measures
Assigning Meaning to Measures
Introspection and Measurement: Reliability and Validity
Conclusion
Chapter 2. Measurement Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Historical, Comparative, and Psychometric View
Weimo Zhu
Key Developments in Educational and Psychological Measurement
Progress and Status of Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Part I. Measurement Basics, Methods, and Issues
Measurement Basics
Chapter 3. Reliability
Brandon K. Vaughn, Hwa-Young Lee, and Akihito Kamata
The Theory of Reliability
Estimating the Reliability Coefficient
Standard Error of Measurement
Evaluating the Magnitudes of Reliability Coefficients
Improving Reliability
Relationship to Validity
Reliability for Multidimensional Instruments
Misconceptions and Misuses of Reliability
Conclusion
Chapter 4. Conceptualizing Validity
Brandon K. Vaughn and Sarah R. Daniel
Validity in Premodern Era
Collecting Evidence of Validity
Validity in Modern Era
Issues of Validity in Research Designs
Conclusion
Chapter 5. Validating Scores from New Assessments: A Comparison of Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory
Yaakov Petscher and Christopher Schatschneider
Level of Analysis
Item Difficulty
Item Discrimination
Item Response Theory Parameter Invariance
Constructing the Assessment
Sample Size
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Factorial Invariance: Tools and Concepts for Strengthening Research
Ryne Estabrook
Factorial Invariance
Configural Invariance
Metric Invariance
Alternative Approaches
Fitting Invariance Models
Ordinal Data
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Appendix A: Coding Example of Mplus
Appendix B: Coding Example of OpenMx
Chapter 7. Modeling Change Over Time
Kevin J. Grimm and Nilam Ram
Sample Data
Analysis
Latent Growth Curve Modeling
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Appendix
Chapter 8. Rasch Modeling in Sort
Bernd Strauss, Dirk Busch, and Gershon Tenenbaum
The Basic Idea of the Rasch Model
An Example for the Use of the Ordinal Rasch Model
Extensions and Generalizations of Rasch Modeling
The Use of the Mixed Rasch Model: An Example
Probabilistic Test Models in Sport Psychology and Exercise Sports
Conclusion
Measurement Methods
Chapter 9. Idiosyncratic Measures in Sport
William A. Edmonds, Michael B. Johnson, Gershon Tenenbaum, and Akihito Kamata
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Eight-Step Idiosyncratic Approach
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Dynamic Assessment in Sport
Thomas Schack
Dynamic Assessment
Dynamic Assessment Concept and Procedures Dynamic Assessment of Motor Learning Potential
Further Areas for Applying Dynamic Assessment in Sport Psychology
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 11. Verbal Reports of Cognitive Processes
David Eccles
Validity of Verbal Reports of Cognitive Processes
Methods Used in Studies of Psychological Skill Use With Regard to the Verbal Report Framework Proposed by Ericsson and Simon (1980)
Summary of Methods Used in Studies of Psychological Skill Use With Regard to the Verbal Report Framework
Concerns Over Using Verbal Report Methods
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Chapter 12. Making Sense of Words and Stories in Qualitative Research: Some Strategies for Consideration
Brett Smith and Andrew Sparks
Analysing the Whats: Content
Analysing the Hows: Performative Narrative Analysis
Showing the Whats and Hows: Creative Analytic Practices
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Measurement Issues
Chapter 13. Developmentally Informed Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology Research
Alan L. Smith, Travis E. Dorsch, and Eva V. Monsma
Cognitive Abilities and Structures
Social Development
Biological Maturation
Change in Multiple Domains
Conclusion
Chapter 14. Cultural Sport Psychology: Special Measurement Considerations
Tatiana V Ryba, Robert J. Schinke and Natalia B. Stambulova
Assumptions and Principles of Cultural Sport Psychology
Measuring Culture
Conclusion
Chapter 15. Synthesizing Measurement Outcomes through Meta-Analysis
Betsy J. Becker and Soyeon Ahn
What is Meta-Analysis?
Meta-Analysis in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Measurement Issues in Meta-Analysis
Conclusion
Chapter 16. Ethics: Assessment and Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Jack C. Watson, Edward F. Etzel and Justine Vosloo
Ethics and Ethics Codes
Use of Technology
Billing for Services
Cultural Issues
Conclusion
Appendix: Codes of Ethics for Related Organizations
Part II. Cognition, Perception, and Motivation Measurement
Cognition Measurement
Chapter 17. Cognitive Measures Related to Exercise and Physical Activity
Jennifer L. Etnier
Theoretical Framework
Limitations and Sources of Confusion
Primary Measurement Tools
Examples Studies
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 18. Anticipation and Decision Making: Skills, Methods, and Measures
Andrew M. Williams and Bruce Abernethy
Anticipation in Sport: Capturing Performance
Decision Making in Sport: Capturing Performance
Anticipation and Decision Making: Identifying Causal Mechanisms Using Process Measures of Performance
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 19. Measuring Mental Representations
Thomas Schack
Mental Representations
Cognitive Representation and Performance: Perspectives and Methods
Mental Representations: A Theoretical Framework
Measurement of Mental Representations
Measuring Mental Representations in Sport
Measuring Mental Representations in Sport: Insight From Empirical Studies
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Self-Perception Measurement
Chapter 20. Physical Self-Concept
Herbert W. Marsh and Jacqueline H.S. Cheng
Construct Definition of Physical Self-Concept
Dimensions and Sources of Confusion: Self-Esteem Versus Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy
Tools to Measure the Physical Self
Examples from the Literature
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 21. Exercise and Self-Perception Constructs
Catherine Sabiston, James R. Whitehead, and Robert C. Eklund
Self-Esteem and Self-Concept
Exercise Identity
Physical Activity Self-Definitions
Exerciser Self-Schemata
Possible Selves
Dimensions and Sources of Confusion
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 22. Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy
Edward McAuley, Siobhan M. White, Emily L. Mailey, and Thomas R. Wojcicki
Self-Efficacy and Social Cognitive Theory
Primary Self-Efficacy Measures
Evidence for Support: Examples From the Literature
Further Issues Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Acknowledgments
Chapter 23. Self-Efficacy and Collective-Efficacy
Lori Dithurbide and Deborah L. Feltz
Definitions
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Sources of Collective Efficacy Information
Dimensions and Sources of Confusion in Self-Efficacy and Collective Efficacy
Guidelines for Constructing Self- Efficacy and Collective Efficacy Scales
Examples From the Literature
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 24. Effort Perception
Selen Razon, Jasmin Hutchinson, and Gershon Tenenbaum
A Historical Perspective on Perceived Exertion
Modern Psychophysics
Models of Psychobiological Responses to Exercise
Measurement of Perceived Effort
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Motivation Measurement
Chapter 25. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Sport and Exercise
Robert J. Vallerand, Eric D. Donahue, Marc-Andre K. Lafreniere
Defining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
The Nature of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Multidimensional View of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation at Different Levels of Generality
Evaluation of Measures of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Sport and Exercise
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 26. Exercise Motivation
Philip M. Wilson
Key Concepts and Theoretical Frameworks
Theory and Measurement
Exercise Motivation Instruments
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Acknowledgments
Chapter 27. Achievement Motivation Processes
David E. Conroy and Amanda L. Hyde
History of Achievement Motivation Theories
Review of Achievement Motive Measures
Review of Achievement Goal Measures
Other Measures
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Acknowledgments
Part III. Emotion, Affect, and Coping Measurement
Chapter 28. Affect, Mood, and Emotion
Panteleimon Ekkekakis
Choosing a Measure: A Three-Step Process
Understanding the Differences Between Affect, Emotion, And Mood
Hierarchical Structure of the Affective Domain: An Integrative Framework
Review of Specific Measures
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 29. Emotional Reactivity
Christopher M. Janelle and Kelly M. Naugle
Definitions and Dimensions of the Variable Construct
Dimensions and Sources of Confusion
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
Overview of Emotion Measures
Recommendations for Researchers and PractitionersAcknowledgments
Chapter 30. Flow
Susan Jackson and Robert C. Eklund
Theoretical Framework
Flow Dimensions
Sources of Confusion in the Flow Construct
Measurement Tools
Examples From the Literature
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 31. Burnout
Robert C. Eklund, Tom Raedeke, Allen L. Smith, and Scott Cresswell
Conceptualizing Athlete Burnout as a Syndrome
Sources of Confusion About Athlete Burnout
Burnout Measurement Tools for Athletes
Sample Studies Using the ABQ From the Literature
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 32. Bayesian Approach of Measuring Competitive Crisis
Michael Bar-Eli and Gershon Tenenbaum
Bayesian Notions in Psychology. An Approach to Judgment and Decision Making
Theory of Psychological Performance Crisis
Bayes’ Theorem: A Measurement Tool for Developing the Individual Performance Psychological Crisis
Recommendations to Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 33. Psychological Skills
Robert Weinberg and Samuel Forlenza
History and Theoretical Foundations
Issues and Limitations in the Measurement and Assessment of Psychological Skills
Psychological Skill Assessment and Measurement
Individual Assessments of Psychological Skills
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 34. Coping in Sport and Exercise
Ronnie Lidor, Peter R.E. Crocker, and Amber D. Mosewich
Coping Concept and Definition
Instruments and Questionnaires Assessing Coping Skills
Preperformance Coping Strategies: The Case of Self-Paced Tasks
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Part IV. Social and Behavioral Measurement
Chapter 35. Cohesion
Albert V. Carron, Mark A. Eys, and Luc J. Martin
Definitions of Cohesion
Conceptual Framework for Cohesion
Sources of Confusion
Questionnaires for Assessing Cohesion
Overview of Questionnaire Use
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 36. Sequential Analysis of Team Communications and Effects on Team Performance
Allan Jeong
Introduction to Team Communications
Seven-Step Procedure for Sequentially Analyzing Team Communications
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 37. Models and Measurement of Leadership in Sport
Packianathan Chellandurai
Theoretical Frameworks of Leadership in Sport
Sources of Confusion
Measures of Leadership
Measures of Decision Style
Measurement of Autonomy-Supportive Behavior
Confusion in Purposes of Sport Participation
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 38. Moral Behavior
Maria Kavussanu and Ian D. Boardley
Definitions of the Construct
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Dimensions and Sources of Confusion
Main Tools for Measuring the Variables
Examples From the Literature
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Chapter 39. Behavioral Measurement in Exercise Psychology
Claudio R. Nigg, Patricia J. Jordan, and Angela Atkins
Concept Definitions
Conceptual Issues
Tools for Measuring Physical Activity
Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Gershon Tenenbaum, PhD, is a professor of educational psychology at Florida State University in Tallahassee, where he teaches courses on measurement in sport and exercise. He previously served as the director of the Center of Research and Sport Medicine at the Wingate Institute in Israel and was the coordinator of the sport psychology program at the University of Southern Queensland in Australia.
Tenenbaum’s research on measurement and statistical methods in the domain of sport and exercise psychology has been widely published, and he has published over 300 articles in peer-refereed journals and book chapters in leading journals in psychology, sport and exercise psychology, sports medicine, and sport sciences. In addition, he has edited and written several handbooks and books, including the Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Third Edition (with Robert Eklund), Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and Biofeedback Treatments for Advancesin Human Performance (with William Edmonds), The Cultural Turn in Sport and Exercise Psychology (with Tatiana Ryba and Robert Schinke), Brain and Body in Sport and Exercise: Biofeedback Applications in Performance Enhancement (with Boris Blumenstein and Michael Bar-Eli), The Practice of Sport Psychology, and Research Methodology in Sport andExercise Sciences: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods (with Marcy Driscoll).
Tenenbaum was the president of the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) and a fellow of both the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK) and the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP). Tenenbaum was the editor of the International Journal of Sport Psychology and the International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Each year, he organizes several sessions and symposia on measurement issues at conferences in the United States and abroad.
In 2011, Tenenbaum received the Scientific Award for Scientific Achievement from the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 47 (Sport and Exercise Psychology division). In 2005, he was awarded the Benjamin S. Bloom Professorship from Florida State University and the Presidential Award from the International Society of Sport Psychology. In 2002, he was named a Distinguished Sport Science Scholar Lecturer in sport and exercise psychology for the University of Utah. He was also the recipient of the International Society of Sport Psychology Honor Award in 1997.Tenenbaum holds a doctorate in measurement and statistics from the University of Chicago. He resides in Tallahassee and enjoys traveling to conferences throughout the world, visiting his homeland of Israel, and watching competitive sport
Robert C. Eklund, PhD, is a professor of sport psychology in the department of educational psychology and learning systems at Florida State University in Tallahassee, where he was recently named the Mode L. Stone Distinguished Professor of Sport Psychology. He earned his doctoral degree in exercise and sport science with a specialization in sport and exercise psychology from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. He is a fellow of both the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK).
Eklund has published over 60 articles in referred journals; coedited (with Gershon Tenenbaum) the prestigious Handbook of Sport Psychology, Third Edition; coauthored two measurement manuals; and authored or coauthored 12 book chapters in the area of sport and exercise psychology. Eklund has presented his research and participated as a keynote lecturer and invited colloquia participant at numerous conferences worldwide.
Eklund is the current editor in chief of the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology and has served in that capacity since January 2003. He has also served as associate editor for the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology and psychology section editor for Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. In addition to providing editorial review services for a range of scholarly journals, Eklund currently serves as an editorial board member for The Sport Psychologist; Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology; Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences; and Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences. In the past, he has served on the editorial boards for the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology and the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology.
Eklund resides in Tallahassee with his wife, Colleen, and two sons, Garth and Kieran. He enjoys their sport involvement immensely as well as their interest in spending sunny afternoons fishing at the beach.
Akihito Kamata, PhD, is a professor of psychometrics and educational measurement in the department of educational methodology, policy, and leadership at the University of Oregon. Before joining the University of Oregon in 2009, he was on faculty at Florida State University for 11 years, where he also served as the chair of the department of educational psychology and learning systems.
Kamata's primary research interest is implementation of item-level test data analysis methodology through item response theory modeling, multilevel modeling, and structural equation modeling. Kamata has done pioneering work on multilevel item response theory modeling, which is represented by his 2001 publication in the Journal of Educational Measurement, a special issue on multilevel measurement modeling in the Journal of Applied Measurement in 2005, and several book chapters on the topic, including a chapter in the Handbook of Advanced Multilevel Analysis (2011). He has other publications on psychometrics, measurement theory, and applied measurement, including articles in the Journal of Educational Measurement, Applied Psychological Measurement, Structural Equation Modeling, and Psychometrika.
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